# Solutions

## NCERT Solution Part 2

Question 11: Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

Answer: Dissolution of a gas in a liquid is an exothermic process. Hence, gases show less solubility in liquid when the temperature is increased. It happens in order to obey Le Chatelier’s Principle.

Question 12: State Henry’s law and mention some important applications.

Answer: Henry’s Law: At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution. Henry’s Law is also stated as, “the partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. It is expressed as follows:

p=K_H\X …………….. (2)

Here, K_H is the Henry’s law constant.

Following are some applications of Henry’s Law:

• While sealing the bottle of soft drinks
• Packing oxygen cylinders for scuba divers
• Breathing difficulty at high altitude

Question 13: The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 xx 10-2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 xx 10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?

Answer: We know that m=K_H\xx\P

So, in first condition:

6.56xx10^(-2)=K_H\xx1 bar

Similarly, in second condition:

5.00xx10^(-2)=K_H\xx\P

From both equations, we have

K_H=(6.56xx10^(-2))/1=(5.00xx10^(-2))/P

Or, P=(5.00xx10^(-2))/(6.56xx10^(-2))=0.762 bar

Question 14: What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of ΔmixH related to the positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law?

Answer: Let us assume that molecules A and B make a solution. Positive deviation from Raoult’s law means A-B interaction is weaker than A-A and B-B interactions. A negative deviation means A-B interaction is stronger than A-A and B-B interactions. In case of positive deviation the enthalpy of mixing is positive, i.e. ΔmixH > 0. It means that volume of solution is greater than sum of volumes of solute and solvent. In case of negative deviation the enthalpy of mixing is negative, i.e. ΔmixH < 0. It means that volume of solution is less than sum of volumes of solute and solvent.

Question 15: An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

Answer: Let us assume that mass of solution is 100 g

Then mass of solute = 2 g and mass of solvent (water) = 98 g

We know, vapor pressure of pure water at boiling point = 1.013 bar

Vapor pressure of solution = 1.004 bar

(P_o-P_s)/(P_s)=(n_2)/(n_1)

Or, (P_o-P_s)/(P_s)=((W_2)/(M_2))/((W_1)/(M_1))

Or, (P_o-P_s)/(P_s)=(W_2xxM_1)/(W_1xxM_2)

Or, (1.013-1.004)/(1.013)=(2xx18)/(M_2xx98)

Or, (0.009)/(1.013)=(18)/(M_2xx49)

Or, M_2=(18xx1.013)/(49xx0.009)=41.35 g mol-1

Question 16: Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapor pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapor pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptanes and 35 g of octane?

Answer: Molar mass of heptane (C7H16)

=7xx12+16=84+16=100 g mol-1

Molar mass of octane (C8H18)

=8xx12+18=114 g mol-1

Number of moles of heptane =(26.0)/(100)=0.26 mole

Number of moles of octane =(35.0)/(114)=0.307 mole

Mole fraction of heptane =(0.26)/(0.26+0.307)=(0.26)/(0.567)=0.458

So, mole fraction of octane =1-0.458=0.542

Vapr pressure of heptane =X_H\xx\P_O

=0.458xx105.2 kPa=48.18 kPa

Vapor pressure of octane =X_O\xx\P_O

=0.542xx46.8 kPa=25.36 kPa

So, vapor pressure of mixture =48.18+25.36=73.54 kPa

Question 17: The vapor pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapor pressure of 1 molar solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

Answer: 1 Molal solution means 1 mole of solute is present in 1000 g of solvent

Molar mass of solvent (water) = 18 g mol-1

Mole fraction of solute =1/(1+55.5)=0.018

(P_o-P_s)/(P_o)=X_2

Or, (12.3-P_s)/(12.3)=0.018

Or, 12.3-P_s=0.018xx12.3=0.21744

Or, P_s=12.3-0.21744=12.08 kPa

This is the vapor pressure of given solution

Question 18: Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol-1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapor pressure to 80%.

Answer: Given P_s=0.8P_o

Let us assume that mass of solute = W gram

So, moles of solute =W/(40)

Molar mass of octane= 114 g mol-1

Number of moles of octane =(114)/(114)=1 mole

Mole fraction of solute =(W/(40))/(W/(40)+1)

=(W/(40))/((W+40)/(40))

=W/(W+40)

We know that (P_o-P_s)/(P_o)=x_2

Or, (P_o-0.8P_o)/(P_o)=W/(W+40)

Or, (0.2P_o)/(P_o)=W/(W+40)

Or, W=0.2(W+40)=0.2W+8

Or, W-0.2W=8

Or, 0.8W=8

Or, W=8/(0.8)=10 g

This is the required mass to reduce vapor pressure to desired level.

Question 19: A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapor pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapor pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate (i) molar mass of the solute (ii) vapor pressure of water at 298 K.

Answer: Moles of solvent (water) =(90)/(18)=5 moles

Moles of solute =(30)/M

(P_o-P_s)/(P_o)=(n_2)/(n_1+n_2)

Or, (P_o-2.8)/(P_o)=((30)/M)/(5+(30)/M)

Or, 1-(2.8)/(P_o)=(30)/(5M+30)

Or, 1-(30)/(5M+30)=(2.8)/(P_o)

Or, 1-6/(M+6)=(2.8)/(P_o)

Or, (M+6-6)/(M+6)=(2.8)/(P_o)

Or, M/(M+6)=(2.8)/(P_o)

Or, (P_o)/(2.8)=1+6/M ………..(1)

After adding 18 gram of water

Moles of water becomes 6 moles

Then, (P_o-P_s)/(P_o)=(30)/(6M+30)

Or, (P_o-2.9)/(P_o)=5/(M+5)

Or, 1-(2.9)/(P_o)=5/(M+5)

Or, 1-5/(M+5)=(2.9)/(P_o)

Or, (M+5-5)/(M+5)=(2.9)/(P_o)

Or, M/(M+5)=(2.9)/(P_o)

Or, (P_o)/(2.9)=1+5/M ………….(2)

Dividing equation (1) by (2)

(2.9)/(2.8)=(M+6)/MxxM/(M+5)=(M+6)/(M+5)

Or, 2.9M+14.5=2.8M+16.8

Or, 2.9M-2.8M=16.8-14.5

Or, 0.1M=2.3

Or, M=(2.3)/(0.1)=23 g mol-1

Putting M in equation (1)

(P_o)/(2.8)=1+6/(23)

Or, P_o=2.8xx(29)/(23)=3.53 kPa

Question 20: A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.

Answer: If solvent (water) is 100 g then sugar is 5%, i.e. 5 g

Molar mass of sugar = 342 g mol-1

Hence, molality of sugar =(5xx1000)/(342xx100)=0.146

So, ΔTf for sugar solution

=273.15-271=2.15 K

ΔT_f=K_f\xx\m

Or, 2.15=K_f\xx0.146

Or, K_f=(2.15)/(0.146)

Now, molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1

Hence, molality of glucose =5/(180)xx(1000)/(100)=0.278

Here, ΔT_f=K_f\xx\m

=(2.15)/(0.146)xx0.278=4.09 K

So, freezing point of glucose solution

=273.15-4.09=269.06 K